CO2 EOR References

• Stalkup, F. I. (1983). Miscible displacement.
• Lake, L. W. (1989). Enhanced oil recovery. Old Tappan, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
• Orr, F. M. (2007). Theory of gas injection processes. Copenhagen: Tie-Line Publications.
• PetroWiki

Main reference:

• Taber, 1996, CO2 Flooding

Criteria

From Taber, Martin and Seright (1996)

• Gravity API: >22
• Viscosity: <10 cp
• Composition: High % of C5-C12
• Oil saturation: >35 %PV

Mechanisms

• Swelling the crude oil
  • Swelling of trapped oil even when shielded by water (Campbell, 1983)
• Reducing oil viscosity
• Reducing the gas-oil interfacial tension
  • Effect of interfacial tension on oil recovery by CO2 floods (Shyeh-Yung, 1991)
• Vaporizing (Extracting) lighter hydrocarbons in crude oil
• Generating miscibility by the multiple contact process if pressure is high enough

Physical properties of CO2

• CO2 equilibrium curve: Pressure vs Temperature (Holm, 1987 and 1989)
• CO2 density: density vs pressure (Goodrich, 1980)
• Viscosity: Viscosity vs pressure (Goodrich, 1980)
• Space occupied by CO2 at reservoir temperatures and pressures: Reservoir bbls per MSCF of CO2 vs Pressure (Goodrich, 1980)

Interactions with oil

• Solubility of CO2 in various hydrocarbons (Holm, 1963, and McRee, 1977)
• Oil viscosity reduction by CO2 (Holm, 1987 and 1989)
  • Viscosity of CO2-Crude oil mixtures (Simon and Graue, 1965)
• Swelling of oil by CO2: Relative oil volume vs pressure (Cabin Creek Oil, Holm and Josendal, 1982)
  1. Swelling of oil phase, followed by
  2. Shrinking of oil phase (extraction of lighter components by CO2).
  3. CO2 and crude oil are NEVER miscible upon first contact
• MMP
  • Development of misciblity in CO2-Crude oil systems
    • Slim tube displacements at Four different temperatures (Yellig and Metcalfe, 1980)
    • Ternary phase diagram (Orr and Taber, 1984; Hutchinson and Braun, 1961)
    • Effect of pressures on multicontact miscibility (Orr et al., 1983)
  • Correlations (Orr and Taber, 1984)
    • Yellig and Metcalfe (1980): function of temperature only
    • Holm and Josendal (1982): CO2 density required, function of oil composition
    • Orr and Jensen (1984)
    • Silva and Orr (1987): Compositional parameter based on CO2 extraction
      • Comparison (Bailey et al., 1984; Mungan, 1981)
    • Quick esimate of MMP for CO2 flood of any crude oil if only API gravity is known (Heller and Taber, 1986)
  • Effect of other gases on MMP values (Taber, 1996; Orr and Silva, 1987)
  • Quick summary of MMP for light vs heavy oils (Taber, 1996)
• Capillary number correlation in Bera core: Sor vs Nc (Shyeh-Yung, 1991)

Interactions with water

• Solubility of CO2 in water: CO2 solubility vs pressure (Data from MacRee, 1977)

Others

• Miscibility (or near-misciblity) and oil recovery by CO2 in different porous media: Slim tube, Berea, Heterogeneous rocks and Field (Taber, 1984)

Refs

• Supriority of CO2-Slug Injection over Carbonated Water (Holm, 1963)
  • Oil recovery from CO2 slug and carbonated water floods
  • Comparison of Oil recovery by equal amounts of CO2 dissolved in water or injected as a continuous slug of 100% CO2